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Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society Advance Access originally published online on June 6, 2007
Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society 2007 14(2):212-237; doi:10.1093/sp/jxm008
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© The Author 2007. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oxfordjournals.org

European Pension Reforms: Individualization, Privatization and Gender Pension Gaps

Patricia Frericks1,, Robert Maier2 and Willibrord De Graaf2

1 Patricia Frericks is a Junior Researcher at the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Utrecht
2 Robert Maier and Willibrord de Graaf are Senior Researchers at the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Utrecht

Correspondence: Direct all correspondence to Patricia Frericks, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Utrecht, PO Box 80140, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. Tel.: + 31 30 2537981; E-mail: p.r.h.frericks{at}uu.nl

European pension reforms individualize and partly privatize pension entitlements. As a consequence, state and individual responsibilities require redefinition. Moreover, when individualization is statutorily introduced, equal opportunities need to be guaranteed. However, equal opportunities are a long way from being implemented. The various pension-determining factors (for instance, labor-market participation, wages, care) are still subject to, among other things, gender distinctions. This article analyzes the interrelationship of (reformed) welfare arrangements, changed flows of resources, and female life courses in order to gain a better understanding of the gendered norms of pension entitlements.


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