Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society Advance Access published online on June 6, 2007
Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, doi:10.1093/sp/jxm008
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European Pension Reforms: Individualization, Privatization and Gender Pension Gaps
1 Patricia Frericks is a Junior Researcher at the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Utrecht
2 Robert Maier and Willibrord de Graaf are Senior Researchers at the Faculty of Social Sciences at the University of Utrecht
Correspondence: Direct all correspondence to Patricia Frericks, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Utrecht, PO Box 80140, NL-3508 TC Utrecht, The Netherlands. Tel.: +31 30 2537981; E-mail: p.r.h.frericks{at}uu.nl
European pension reforms individualize and partly privatize pension entitlements. As a consequence, state and individual responsibilities require redefinition. Moreover, when individualization is statutorily introduced, equal opportunities need to be guaranteed. However, equal opportunities are a long way from being implemented. The various pension-determining factors (for instance, labor-market participation, wages, care) are still subject to, among other things, gender distinctions. This article analyzes the interrelationship of (reformed) welfare arrangements, changed flows of resources, and female life courses in order to gain a better understanding of the gendered norms of pension entitlements.